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Protein Transport (Mitochondrial) -- Movie Narrative (Advanced Look)

Most organelle proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm from nuclear encoded mRNAs. These proteins must be imported into the organelle. Special sequences, called signal sequences, target the protein to its proper organelle. Organelles contain protein translocator complexes that are required for this transport.

Key players in this process are protein, a signal sequence, chaperonins, ATP, protein translocator complexes, and signal peptidase.

Proteins destined for transport into an organelle, such as a mitochondria or chloroplast, contain a signal sequence. This sequence acts as a targetting mechanism to ensure the protein is delivered to the proper organelle.

In addition, chaperonin proteins aid in the import process. They become associated with a protein while it is still in the cytoplasm. This association require energy from ATP. Chaperonins aid in unfolding the protein, so that it can travel through the organelle membrane. Here we see two chaperonins bound to the protein that will enter the mitochondria.

Protein translocator complexes are embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. These are multi-protein complexes required for protein import. The protein being transfered first attaches to the complex on the cytosolic side. The protein then moves into the mitochondria.

As it enters the organelle it is again bound by a chaperonin to prevent premature folding. Once the protein has fully entered the mitochondria, the first chaperonin is released and another class of chaperonins bind.

Then a complex called the signal peptidase removes the signal sequence.

Lastly, the protein folded into its final shape, and is ready to preform its proper function in the organelle.