·中科院2007年生物化学(甲)试题与答案
·陈阅增《普通生物学辅导与习题集》
·《生物化学笔记2009版》
·优惠套餐B(中科院考研必备)
·生化笔记2009版与细胞笔记2009版套餐
·优惠套餐A(中科院考研必备)
·《细胞生物学辅导与习题集》
·《生物化学辅导与习题集》
·《细胞生物学笔记2009版》
·中科院《细胞生物学考研试题及答案》14套
·中科院《生化与分子考研试题及答案》11套
10.ec-
来源:G. ek-,out of,outside of,out在…外,在…
外边,外边
含义:out of,outside of,out在…外,在…外边,
外边
eccyesis子宫外孕
11.ecto-
来源:G. ekto-,outside外面
变形:元音前变为ect-,如ectad
含义:(1) outside,external外边,外部的(对比endo-,exo-)
ectotherm冷血动物
(2) out of place异位
ectocardia心脏异位
12.extra-
来源:L. extra,outside,except,beyond外边,除
却,超出
含义:outside,beyond在…之外,格外,特,超—
—尤用于形容词组成形容词
extra-urban市区外的
13.extro-
来源:L. extro,outside,outward外面,向外
含义:outside,outward外面,向外,与intro-相反
extrovert外向性格的人
14.in-
来源:O. E. in,in在内
变形:无,注意与前面的in-有区别
含义:in内,在内
inland内地的,国内的
15.out-
来源:O. E. ut,out外,在外(参见词根ut)
含义:(1) out,outside,outward,away,from外,外面,向外,从…离去
outdoor户外的
(2) out,indicating exhaustion,extinction驱逐出,表示耗尽,灭绝
outroot除根
(3) over,too much,too excessively过,过分,太,过多地
outsize过大
(4) surpassing胜过的,无比的
outdo胜过,战胜
四、前(在前,在先,优先);后(在后,随后,远离,退后,反向,重复)
1.pre-
来源:L. prae-,position in front,ahead,at the end,
or temporal precedence;preeminence in the
quality(在动词或其派生词前,表示)位置
在前,前头,在端点或暂时领先,(在形容
词前,表示)有关的性质是超群的
含义:(1) (a) (i) earlier than,prior to,before先于,早于,在…之前(先),前
predeparture出发前的
(ii) preparatory or prerequisite to预备的,必须预先具备的
premedical医学预科的
(iii) in a formative, incipient or preliminary stage趋于成形的,初期的,初步的阶段
precartilage前软骨(最终形成软骨)
(b) in advance,before-hand预先,在前
prejudge预先判断
(2) (a) in front of,before在前,前
preamplifier放置放大器
(b) at the front,anterior,constituting a front part在前部,在…之前,构成前面部分
preabdomen前腹部
(3) exceedingly非常地,极度地
prenoble极其高尚的
2.preter-
来源:L. praeter-,past,by过去,经过
含义:(1) past,by已过,经过
preterit过去时态
(2) beyond the range of,surpassing超过…范围,超越
preternormal超过正常标准的
3.pro-
来源:L. pro-,foreward movement or direction,
downward movement,action in front,
prominence;utterance;priority in time and
advantage移前,向前,下移,向前作用,突
出;极度;优先,优势
含义:(1) (a) earlier than,prior to,before(时间上)先于,早于,前于,前
probaptismal洗礼前的
(b) 原始的,与proto-同义
proanthropus原人
(2) (a) situated before,located in front of,anterior to(空间上)在前,位于前,先于
procerebrum脑的前部
(b) front,anterior前,先于
prothorax前胸
(3) projecting,action in front向前投射,向前动作
project射出
(4) bringing into open使公开
proclaim正式公布
4.pro-
来源:L. pro-,pro,before,in front of,in behalf of,
for,on account of在前,在…前面,代表,
为了,为了…的缘故
变形:某些法语源词为pur-(A. F.,来自O. F. por-,
pur-,F. pour-,来自L. pro-,for),如purchase,
purport,purpose,pursue,purvey
含义:(1) taking the place of,substituting for代替,代理
pronoun代名词
(2) siding with,advocating,favoring,supporting,championing与…站在一边,拥护,亲…,支持,为支持他人而奋斗
pro-British亲英的
(3) for,on account of,according to为了,为了…之故,按照
proportion按比例,比例
5.proto-
来源:G. protos,before,ahead在…前,在前面
变形:元音前变为prot-,如protactinium
含义:(1) (a) first in time(时间上)最初,第一
protohistoric史前时代的
(b) first in status,chief in rank or importance,principal(地位上)首要,(等级上)主要或显要,主要的
protocerebrum前脑
(c) beginning,tending toward,given rise to开始,趋于,引起
protocol文件原稿,议定书
(2)(通常第一个字母大写)一种或多种语言或方言的母语,一般拼作proto-,后面用一短划与大写的第二部分连接
Proto-Arabic原始阿拉伯语的
6.re-
来源:L. re-,red-,movement back or in reverse,
withdrawal,reversal of a previous process,
restoration,response or opposition,repeated
action向后或反向移动,退后,前一过程的
逆过程,复原,反应或相反,重复动作变形:
red-,如redundant
含义:(1) movement back or in reverse,withdrawal(向)后动,反向动,退却
rebound弹回
(2) reversal of a previous process,restoration,again,anew前过程的逆过程,恢复,再,重新
redo再做
(3) response or opposition反应,反对
rebellion反叛
(4) separation,withdrawal撤离,离开
remove除去,移去
注:下列场合,要在前缀re-与
后续部分中间加一短划:
(1) 为避免与另一含义不同的词相混淆,如
re-create,以别于recreate
(2) 后续部分已有一前缀re-,如re-recover
(3) 后续部分以大写字母开头,如
re-Christianization
7.retro-
来源:L. retro-,(1) towards the rear, backwards向后
部,向后 (2) (without motion implied) in a
position to the rear, behind one, in a position
to the rear of, behind(无动作)位置在后,
在另一个之后,在后部位置,在后部 (3) to
the place or in the direction from which one
came, back (again)回到原来的位置或方向,
(再)返回 (4) in the opposite direction to
that normally followed, backward与循序而行
的方向反向,倒退
含义:(1) (a) backward, back向后,后
retroject向后投射
(b) back in time, past(时间上)回溯,过去
retrodict倒堆(过去)
(2) situated behind(位置)在后
retrolingual舌后的
(3) contrary to the usual or natural course, retrograde, back, again逆反,逆行,逆反应
retroinfection逆传染
(4) in return, retroverse反转,反向,倒转
retrovert使翻转
8.ante-
来源:L. ante-, in front, in front of, before, forewards,
previously在前面,在…的前面,在…之前,
向前,先前地
含义:(1) (a) prior, precedent, earlier较早的,在先的,更早的
antenatus某时代前出生的人
(b) anterior, foreward在…之前的,(空间)向前
anteroom前厅,接待室
(2) (a) prior to, earlier than先于,早于
antenatal出生以前的
(b) in front of在…前面的
anteorbital眼眶前的
9.post-
来源:L. post-, 来自posterus, behind
含义:(1) (a) after, subsequent, later在…之后,此后的,后
postentry后登的(漏)账
(b) behind, posterior, following after…后面,…以后,…随后的
postfix后缀
(2) (a) subsequent to, later than继…之后的,比…较后的
postabolescence(青年期之后)壮年期
(b) behind, posterior to…后面的,次要的
postern后门,便道
10.meta-
来源:L. L. & G. meta-,来自meta, after, with,
between在后,紧接着,随后,介于两者之
间
变形:元音或h前多为met-,如metencephalic,
method
含义:(1) (a) between介于中间,介
metastable暂时稳定的
(b) in succession to, occurring later, after较后发生,随后出现,在后
metagenesis世代交替
(c) situated behind, posterior位于后,后面的
metacarpal掌骨(位于腕骨carpal之后)
(d) later or more highly organized or specialized form of新近出现的,更高层次组合或更特殊形态的
metaphyte后生植物(与protophyte相对)
(e) with, occurring with有,带有
metatype伴型,次型
(2) change in transformation of…的变化
metaplasm词形变化
(3) (a) beyond, transcending超出,超越(此义从亚里斯多德名著metaphysics而来),metaphysics来自G. ta meta ta physika, the works after the physics意为物理学后的著作,或超物理学(中国古代叫形而上学或玄学)
metaphysics形而上学
(b) of a higher logical type in names formed from names of disciplines and designating new but related disciplines such as can deal critically with the nature, structure or behavior of the original ones元的,一种更高层次逻辑形式的——加于一种学科名字之前,表示一种新的但与此学科有关的学科,它批判地研究原学科的性质、结构或行为
metalanguage元语言
11.fore-
来源:O. E. fore-,来自fore,在前部
含义:(1) (a) at an earlier point in time, beforehand时间上在先,预先
foresee预见
(b) occurring at an earlier point in time, occurring beforehand发生在先
forepaymant预付
(c) being an earlier part of (something stipulated)(某些规定事物的)早先部分
foreday早晨
(2) (a) situated at or toward the front, situated in front of something位在前,向前,位于某些事物的前面
foreleg(动物)前腿
(b) being the front part of (something stipulated)(某些事物的)前部分
forearm前臂
(3) 主要的,首要的
foreman工头
12.after-
来源:O. E. aeften, behind在后
含义:(1) after较后
aftereffect后效,后作用
(2) second二次,再,后
after-crop第二次收获
五、在旁边(沿着,平行,靠近);越过(穿过,透过,跨过,遍及,远的)
1.para-
来源:L. para-,来自G. para-,来自para, beside,
contrary to在旁边,相反于
变形:元音前par-,如paranthropus
含义:(1) (a) beside, along side of傍,沿…边
paracentral靠近中心的
(b) parallel, parasitic平行的,并行的,寄生的
paragenesis共生
(c) associated in a subsidiary or accessory capacity能力或能量属于次要的或附加的
paramilitary准军事组织
(d) closely resembling the true form, almost极似真的,差不多的(尤指疾病)
para-book类似书籍的刊物
(2) beyond, outside of超越,在…之外
paranormal超越正常现象的
(3) (a) faulty, irregular or disordered condition, abnormal有缺陷、不规则或无秩序的状态
paranoia妄想症
(b) perversion反常
parabulia意志力的异常或颠倒
2.cis-
来源:L. cis-,来自cis, (time) before, (space) on the
near side of, (motion) to the near side of,
across(时间)在前,(空间)在近端,(动
作)向近端,横过
含义:(1) on this side, on the nearer side (often with a hyphen)在这一边,在近边(往往加一短划);请与trans-, ultra-作对照
cisalpine在阿尔卑斯山这边
(2) nearer in time, since时间上较近,自…
cisatomic自发现原子以来




