1964     The prize was awarded jointly to: KONRAD BLOCH and FEODOR LYNEN for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
1963      The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR JOHN CAREW ECCLES , SIR ALAN LLOYD HODGKIN and SIR ANDREW FIELDING HUXLEY for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
1962       The prize was awarded jointly to: FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK , JAMES DEWEY WATSON and MAURICE HUGH FREDERICK WILKINS for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
1961      GEORG VON BY for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.
1960     The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET and SIR PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
1959      The prize was awarded jointly to: SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.
1958      The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to: GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events and the other half to: JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.
1957      DANIEL BOVET for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.
1956      The prize was awarded jointly to: ANDR font  FRIC COURNAND , WERNER
FORSSMANN and DICKINSON W. RICHARDS for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
1955      AXEL HUGO THEODOR THEORELL for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.
1954      The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHN FRANKLIN ENDERS , THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER and FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of  various types of tissue.
1953      The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS for his discovery of the citric acid cycle and the other half to:FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism.
1952      SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
1951      MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.
1950      The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL , TADEUS REICHSTEIN and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
1949     The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: WALTER RUDOLF HESS for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs and the other half to:ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.
1948      PAUL HERMANN MLER for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods.
1947      The prize was divided, one half awarded jointly to: CARL FERDINAND CORI and GERTY THERESA CORI nRADNITZ for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen and the other half awarded to: BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
1946      HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.
1945      The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
1944      The prize was awarded jointly to JOSEPH ERLANGER and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
1943      The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: HENRIK CARL PETER DAM for his discovery of vitamin K. and the other half to:EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
1942-1940         The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939      GERHARD DOMAGK for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1938    CORNEILLE JEAN FRANIS HEYMANS for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.
1937      ALBERT SZENT-GGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the  catalysis of fumaric acid.
1936      The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE and OTTO LOEWI for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
1935      HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.
1934      The prize was awarded jointly to: GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.
1933      THOMAS HUNT MORGAN for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.
1932      The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.
1931      OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
1930      KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups.
1929      The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to: CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin and the other half awarded to:SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.
1928      CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus.
1927       JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.
1926      JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.
1925      The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1924      WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.
1923      SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD for the discovery of insulin.
1922      The prize was divided equally between: SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle and OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.
1921      The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1920       SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.
1919      JULES BORDET for his discoveries  relating to immunity.
1918-1915      The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914     ROBERT BY for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
1913       CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.
1912      ALEXIS CARREL in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs.
1911      ALLVAR GULLSTRAND for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
1910      ALBRECHT KOSSEL in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.
1909      EMIL THEODOR KOCHER for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
1908      The prize was awarded jointly to: ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity.
1907     CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.
1906     The prize was awarded jointly to: CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL in recognition of their work on the stucture of the nervous system.
1905     ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.
1904     IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.
1903       NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.
1902     SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating it.
1901      EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.

      Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners 2000-1901
     brought to you by  The Nobel Prize Internet Archive
2000    The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and development of conductive polymers.
1999      AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.
1998     The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his

development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1997      The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with one half to: JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.
1996      The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery of fullerenes.
1995      The prize was awarded jointly to: PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
1994    GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1993     The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry equally between: KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. and MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.
1992      RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1991      RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1990      ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
1989      The prize was awarded jointly to: SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.
1988      The prize was awarded jointly to: JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1987     The prize was awarded jointly to: ONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PEDERSEN for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.
1986    The prize was awarded jointly to: DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.
1985     The prize was awarded jointly to: HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.
1984      ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1983      HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.
1982     SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.
1981       The prize was awarded jointly to: KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.
1980      The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA and the other half jointly to: WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.
1979      The prize was divided equally between: HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.
1978    PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1977      ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1976      WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding.
1975     The prize was divided equally between: SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of  enzyme-catalyzed reactions  and VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1974       PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.
1973     The prize was divided equally between: ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.
1972      The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation and the other half jointly to: STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
1971      GERHARD HERZBERG for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
1970      LUIS F. LELOIR for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1969      The prize was divided equally between: SIR DEREK H. R. BARTON and ODD HASSEL for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.
1968      LARS ONSAGER for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
1967     The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:  ANFRED EIGEN  and the other half jointly to: RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH and LORD GEORGE PORTER for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
1966       ROBERT S. MULLIKEN for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.
1965      ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic  synthesis.
1964      DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
1963     The prize was divided equally between: KARL ZIEGLER and GIULIO NATTA for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers.
1962      The prize was divided equally between: MAX FERDINAND PERUTZ and SIR JOHN COWDERY KENDREW for their studies of the structures of globular proteins.
1961      MELVIN CALVIN for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1960      WILLARD FRANK LIBBY for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in  archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.
1959       JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis.
1958      FREDERICK SANGER for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of  insulin.
1957      LORD ALEXANDER R. TODD for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.
1956      The prize was awarded jointly to: SIR CYRIL NORMAN HINSHELWOOD and NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.
1955      VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.
1954     LINUS CARL PAULING for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
1953     HERMANN STAUDINGER for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.
1952     The prize was awarded jointly to: ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN and RICHARD LAURENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE for their invention of partition chromatography.
1951      The prize was awarded jointly to: EDWIN MATTISON MC MILLAN and GLENN THEODORE SEABORG for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements.
1950       The prize was awarded jointly to: OTTO PAUL HERMANN DIELS and KURT ALDER for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis.
1949     WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE for his contributions in the field of chemical  thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.
1948      ARNE WILHELM KAURIN TISELIUS for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.
1947      SIR ROBERT ROBINSON for his investigations on plant products of biological
importance, especially the alkaloids.
1946      The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: JAMES BATCHELLER SUMNER for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized. the other half jointly to JOHN HOWARD NORTHROP and WENDELL MEREDITH STANLEY for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.
1945      ARTTURI ILMARI VIRTANEN for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.
1944     OTTO HAHN for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.
1943     GEORGE DE HEVESY for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.
1942-1940    The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1939     ADOLF FRIEDRICH JOHANN BUTENANDT for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal).and LEOPOLD RUZICKA for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.
1938     RICHARD KUHN for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the
uthorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.)
1937      The prize was divided equally between: SIR WALTER NORMAN HAWORTH for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C. andPAUL KARRER for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2.
1936      PETRUS (PETER) JOSEPHUS WILHELMUS DEBYE for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
1935       The prize was awarded jointly to: FRIC JOLIOT and IRE JOLIOT-CURIE in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.
1934      HAROLD CLAYTON UREY for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.
1933      The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.
1932      IRVING LANGMUIR for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.
1931      The prize was awarded jointly to: CARL BOSCH and FRIEDRICH BERGIUS in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods.
1930       HANS FISCHER for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.

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