4.2 环境样品
无论是天然的,还是人类影响,环境中存在极端复杂的样品。如果我们要了解环境,就要了解这些复杂混合物的化学。而这需要详细的分离和分析。
对环境中持久的卤化物的分析一直具有相当的兴趣。多氯联苯(PCBs)、氯化硼烷和氯化莰烯的分析,对分析化学家具有最大的挑战性。PCBs共有209个氯代联苯化合物,仅150个在商用产品中出现[27]。尽管自1977年后PCBs的生产已停止,但对PCBs的关注将会持续下去。不同PCB有不同的毒性、生物积累行为和分解路径等,只测总量意义不大,需要对感兴趣单组分进行逐个分析。气相色谱法由于其高效分离的特性,成为首选的方法。到目前为止,尽管已进行相当多的工作,但尚不能发现一个单柱条件可以分离所有感兴趣的PCBs[28]。de Geus等[15]使用半- GC×GC分离了非-邻位氯苯CBs 77,126和169及一个工艺PCB混合物Aroclor 1254. 结果表明,一次分离可分析所有感兴趣组分,而用通常的中心切割-多维色谱法则需要很多次运行[29]。Xu等[8,30] 也发展了一个方法以使相同氯原子数的PCBs在GC×GC平面上得以分离。
毒杀芬也是一组含氯物质,由几百个化合物组成,大约197个为硼烷和莰烯衍生物。与氯代二恶英和氯代苯并呋喃一样,都是环境关注的化合物。可以预料,GC×GC对它们的分离分析也将发挥积极作用。
农药分析是另一个相当常规的领域。食品和环境中均要对其进行监测。Liu等[31]应用GC×GC分析了人血清中的农药。尽管这是一个简单的样品,但使用GCxGC二维色谱容易解决干扰问题,分析速度也得以加速。
除上述工作外,Gaines等[32]使用GC×GC测定了水样中的痕量含氧化合物和芳烃,并使用GC×GC来识别表面水中轻微风化的柴油燃料的溢出源[26]。
4.3 其它应用及发展展望
可以想象,由于GC×GC的高度峰容量和分辨率,这个技术将会在复杂体系的分离分析中占据越来越重要的地位。这些典型的复杂样品包括:阻燃剂如多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴二苯醚和联苯(PBDEs和PBBs),氯代烷(PCAs),多氯萘(PCNs),香气如多环麝香化合物,氯代二恶英和呋喃,农药和除草剂如毒杀芬和多氯三苯(PCTs),石化产品、精油及食用油等。复杂体系中的手性物质的分离,GC×GC技术也会发挥很大作用。对咱们中国来说,传统中草药中挥发性化合物的分析和传统名白酒中香味成分的分析也是此种技术发挥作用的地方。
应该指出,尽管GC×GC最适合于分离复杂混合物,但它也适用于对相对简单的混合物进行快速扫描分析[32]。
由于GC×GC作为一个技术还很年青,现仅有一种商品仪器(Zoex公司)。许多深入研究有待进行。如果在一台仪器上同时具有热调制和冷调制的功能,对GC×GC扩展样品分析的范围将非常有帮助。同时,全自动的、用户友好的、能处理由GC×GC检测器产生的大量数据的软件程序(工作站)尚需进一步的发展、完善。化学计量学如模式识别有助于快速识别轮廓图中的化合物组成。GC×GC与选择性检测器的联用将进一步增强其有用性,减少样品制备的时间。TOF-MS与GC×GC联用对二维色谱的定性分析将非常有帮助。完全可以说,GC×GC技术的将来是非常明亮的。
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Technique and Advance of
Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography
Xu Guowang, Ye Fe, Kong Hongwei, Lu Xin, Zhao Xinjie
(National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China)
Many analytical problems require more resolution than the conventional single column chromatographic technique can provide. In such cases the separation power can be enhanced by using more than one separation technique or mechanism. The sample is then dispersed in different time dimensions. The resolution obtained depends strongly on the difference between these dimensions. The highest resolution is gained when there is no correlation between the separations, the dimensions being orthogonal to each other. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC´GC) provides a true orthogonal separation system in which a modulator serially couples two columns containing dissimilar stationary phases. It focuses and subsequently reinjects components eluting from the first column into the second one. The system generates a peak capacity that is approximately equal to the product of the peak capacities of the two individual separation systems. In this paper, technique and instrumental considerations of GC´GC are discussed. The three designs of contemporary GC´GC systems are presented and compared. A number of typical applications on complex samples such as petroleum products and environmental pollutants are also cited. Finally, the future perspectives of GC´GC are simply discussed.
Key words: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, orthogonal separations, review, gas chromatography, modulators, petroleum analysis, GC´GC
(注: 英文摘要的中译文同中文摘要.)

