最近多个厂家开始研究逆转录病毒和其他病毒载体用于siRNA表达，其优势在于可以直接高效率感染细胞进行基因沉默的研究，避免由于质粒转染效率低而带来的种种不便。
最适用于：已知一个有效的siRNA序列，需要维持较长时间的基因沉默，或者需要用抗生素筛选能表达siRNA的细胞。长期研究。
不适用于：筛选siRNA序列（其实主要是指需要多个克隆和测序等较为费时、繁琐的工作）
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Figure 4. Long Term Silencing of GFP with pSilencer™ 2.1-U6 hygro. HeLa cells expressing cycle 3 GFP were transfected with pSilencer 2.1-U6 hygro containing an insert encoding an siRNA targeting cycle 3 GFP or pSilencer 2.1-U6 hygro without an siRNA-encoding insert. Following transfection, the cells were selected with hygromycin. Three weeks following selection, the cells were analyzed for GFP expression by fluorescence microscopy. Green: GFP. Blue: DAPI stained nuclei. GFP levels were remarkably reduced (94%) in cells transfected with the GFP siRNA-encoding pSilencer 2.1-U6 hygro siRNA Expression Vector as compared to those transfected with an "empty" siRNA expression vector.
5. siRNA表达框架
siRNA表达框架(siRNA expression cassettes，SECs)是一种由PCR得到的siRNA表达模版，能够直接导入细胞进行表达而无需事前克隆到载体中。这个方法最早是由Castanotto和其同事(5)采用，包括一个RNA pol III启动子，一段发夹结构siRNA，一个RNA pol III终止位点。和siRNA表达载体不同的是，SECs不需要载体克隆、测序等颇为费时的步骤，可以直接由PCR得到，不用一天的时间。因此，SECs成为筛选siRNA的最有效工具，甚至可以用来筛选在特定的研究体系中启动子和siRNA的最适搭配！如果在PCR两端添加酶切位点，那么通过SECs筛选出的最有效的siRNA后，可以直接克
隆到载体中构建siRNA表达载体。构建好的载体可以用于稳定表达siRNA和长效抑制的研究。
这个方法的主要缺点是PCR产物很难转染到细胞中。如果有适合的新型转染试剂能提高SEC的转染效率的话，那问题就可以解决了。另外，没有克隆到载体中的PCR片断并不适于大规模制备。
Silencer Express siRNA Expression Cassette Kits提供人源和鼠源的U6启动子或者人源H1启动子元件可供选择，并已经过c-fos基因抑制的检验。
最适用于：筛选siRNA序列，在克隆到载体前筛选最佳启动子
不适用于：长期抑制研究。（如果克隆到载体后就可以了）
Figure 5. Variable Reduction in Target Gene Expression Using SECs with Different Promoters. siRNA Expression Cassettes featuring the mouse U6 (Mo-U6), human U6 (Hu-U6), and human H1 (Hu-H1) promoters and encoding a c-fos-specific hairpin siRNA were transfected into HeLa cells. 72 hours post-transfection, the cells were assessed using nuclear staining with DAPI and immunofluorescence using a c-FOS antibody. Non-transfected cells (NT) as well as cells transfected with an SEC expressing a negative control siRNA (scramble) demonstrate wild-type levels of c-FOS. The relative level of reduction in gene expression was quantified and is provided in the bar graph
