General preface
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2 Evolutionury history o f life
2.1 Evidence from paleontology and comparative morphology
2.2 Evidence from molecular biology
2.3 Biochemical unity of life
Chapter 3. Mututiou
3.1 The basic process of gene action
3.2 Types of changes in DNA
3.3 Mutations and amino acid substitutions
3.4 Effects on fitness
3.5 Rate of spontaneous mutation
Chapter 4. Natural selection ulld its eflects
4.1 Natural selection and mathematical models
4.2 Growth and regulation of populations
4.2.1 Continuous time niodel
4.2.2 Discrete generation model
4.3 Natural selection with constant fitness
4.3.1 Selection with a single locus
4.3.2 Selection with multiple loci
4.4 Competitive selection
4.4.1 Haploid model
4.4.2 Diploid model
4.4.3 Selection with rliultiple loci
Fertility excess required for gene substitution
4.6 Equilibrium gene frequencies
4.6.1 Mutation-selection balance for deleterious genes
4.6.2 Balancing selection
Chapter 5. Mutant genes in finite populations
5.1 Stochastic change of gene frequency: discrete processes
5.1.1 Markov chain methods
5.1.2 Variance of gene frequencies and heterozygosity
5.1.3 Effective population size
5.2 Diffusion approximations
5.2.1 Basic equations in diffusion processes
5.2.2 Transient distribution of gene frequencies
5.3 Gene substitution in populations
5.3.1 Probability of fixation of mutant genes
5.3.2 Rate of gene substitution and average substitution time
5.3.3 Fixation time and extinction time of mutant genes
5.3.4 First arrival time and age of a mutant gene
5.4 Stationary distribution of gene frequencies
5.4.1 General formula
5.4.2 Neutral genes with migration
5.4.3 Mutation and selection
5.4.4 Neutral mutations
5.4.5 Distribution under irreversible mutation
5.5 Genetic differentiation of populations
5.5.1 Differentiation with migration
5.5.2 Gene differentiation under complete isolation
Chapter 6. Genetic variability in nuturalpopulations
6.1 Introductory remarks
6.2 Measures of genic variation
6.3 Gene diversity within populations
6.3.1 Enzyme and protein loci
6.3.2 Blood groups and other loci
6.4 Gene diversity in subdivided populations
6.5 Mechanisms of maintenance of protein polyniorphisnis
6.5.1 Overdoniinalice hypothesis
6.5.2 Other types of balancing selection
6.5.3 Neutral mutations
6.5.4 Transient polyniorphism due to selection
Chapter 7. Difirenticrtion qfpop~/lutionsa nt1 spec*icrtio~.l
7.1 Measures of gcnetic distance
7.2 Gene dilrcrcntiation among populations: a general theory
7.2.1 Complcte isolation 179
7.2.2 Efkcts of migration 182
7.3 Interracial and intcrspecific gcnc tiifli.rcnccs 182
7.4 Phylogeny of closcly rclatcci organisms 191
7.4.1 Evolution;iry timc 192
7.4.2 Phylogcnetic trccs 197
7.5 Mechanism of speciation 202
7.5.1 Classification of isolation mechanisms 202
7.5.2 Evolution of rcproductivc isolation 204
7.5.3 How fast is rcproductivc isolation established? 207
Chapter 8. Long-ter~ne solutio~.~ 211
8.1 Evolutionary change of DNA 211
8.1.1 DNA content 211
8.1.2 Evolutionary mechanisms of increase in DNA content 213
8.1.3 Formation of new genes 214
8.1.4 Repeated DNA 219
8.1.5 Nonfunctional DNA 222
8.2 Nucleotide substitution in DNA 224
8.2.1 Some theoretical backgrounds 224
8.2.2 DNA hybridization 226
8.3 Amino acid substitution in proteins 230
8.3.1 Rate of amino acid substitution 230
8.3.2 Differences among proteins 232
8.3.3 Is the rate of amino acid substitution constant in a given protein? 233
8.4 Phylogenetic trees 240
8.4.1 Codon or nucleotide substitution data 240
8.4.2 Immunological data 242
8.4.3 Phylogenics of hon~ologousp roteins 243
8.5 Adaptive and nonadaptive evolution 246
8.5.1 Mechanisms of molecular evolution 246
8.5.2 Polyn~orphisma s a phase of evolution 250
8.5.3 Molecular evolution and morphological change