据8月29日的《科学》(Science)杂志报道说,在欧洲殖民者到来之前,亚马逊河盆地是一个非常不同的地方,其特点是人口稠密的市区景观。应用组合考古学技术,Michael Heckenberger 及其同事对巴西亚马逊的Upper Xingu 地区在1492 年与欧洲人发生接触之前的情况进行了非常详细的描述。他们披露,该地区的土著人曾经居住在一种格子样模式的城镇和村庄内,这些地方之间通过复杂的道路网络互相连接,并围绕着大型的举行公众仪式的社区中心进行排布。
他们的新的证据表明,这些“哥伦比亚之前”社会中的居民创造了一种以农业、多世代资源管理以及大范围的湿地管理(如鱼类养殖)为中心的有着高度生产力的文化和景观。这些有关亚马逊社会原有的设计师的发现现在变得很重要,因为科学家和社区领导正在决定亚马逊盆地的命运,而这些发现可能会对该地区当今的可持续性发展提供经验教训。(来源:EurekAlert!中文版)
(《科学》(Science),Vol. 321. no. 5893, pp. 1214 - 1217,Michael J. Heckenberger,Afukaka Kuikuro)
Pre-Columbian Urbanism, Anthropogenic Landscapes, and the Future of the Amazon
Abstract:
The archaeology of pre-Columbian polities in the Amazon River basin forces a reconsideration of early urbanism and long-term change in tropical forest landscapes. We describe settlement and land-use patterns of complex societies on the eve of European contact (after 1492) in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon. These societies were organized in articulated clusters, representing small independent polities, within a regional peer polity. These patterns constitute a "galactic" form of prehistoric urbanism, sharing features with small-scale urban polities in other areas. Understanding long-term change in coupled human-environment systems relating to these societies has implications for conservation and sustainable development, notably to control ecological degradation and maintain regional biodiversity.
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